Pharmacology of the Asthma for Bronchodilators- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about thePharmacology of the Asthma for Bronchodilators. Answer: Presentation: Pharmacology of the asthma prescription The pharmacology of any medicine is the how the prescription improve the condition and how the body responds to this medication. In the pharmacology of asthma prescription, there will be conversation of the various kinds of the medications that are utilized and how they improve the anomalous condition. As from the pathphysiology, it has been cleared that it happens because of bronchoconstriction, aggravation and because of the resistant reaction to specific allergens (Divekar, Ameredes Calhoun, 2013). In this way the medications utilized may incorporate bronchodilators, steroids, and immunosuppressant, etc. Because of increment in asthma commonness, there is immense examination on the asthma medicine that has lesser reactions and increasingly particular treatment. Bronchodilators are the medications that demonstration by switching the bronchospasm that loosen up aviation routes of smooth muscle ?2 agonists-salbutamol (Gelaw, 2014) Anticholinergics-ipratropium bromide Methylxanthines-aminophylline, theophylline Aviation routes aggravation decrease drugs Glucocorticosteroids (Gelaw, 2014) Leukotriene receptor foes Montelukast Cromolyns-sodium cromoglycate (Barnes, 2009) Different Allergen separates that are utilized for the hypersensitive desensitization treatment Air that is oxygen-rich Courses of the organization The prescription for the asthma are for the most part administrated through the inward breath yet there are a few special cases Methylxanthines is the medication that isn't influenced through inward breath and along these lines, given orally Leukotriene receptor adversaries are administrated orally (Barnes, 2009) Salbutamol is likewise now and again administrated orally in extremely youthful or in old individuals in which organization through inward breath is a lot of troublesome A glucocorticosteroids oral course is administrated in much extreme asthma for controlling indications ?2 agonists-salbutamol and hydrocortisone are administrated through infusion in the intense or extreme asthma that incorporates the IV implantation through in ICU a focal venous line Two pathways for the breathed in drugs (Barnes, 2009) Fundamental ingestion that is retention into the circulation system and afterward went to target site, for example, sodium cromoglycate Limited ingestion that is retained to a restricted region, when just there is a prerequisite of the neighborhood tranquilize Breathed in medicate advantage Fast beginning of the medication activity In a large portion of the cases, particularly little convergence of the medication is viable when contrasted with a similar medication organization through foundationally that is on the grounds that as the medication conveyed straightforwardly to target site and have a neighborhood impact that prompts lesser reactions and lower drugs costs. Short-acting b2 agonists, salbutamol these MDI have a fast beginning of activity and that keep going for around 4 hours Long-acting b2 agonists, for example, salmeterol contain delayed impact term so the two portions every day are satisfactory for the indications control Glucocorticosteroids MDIs have known preventers. Asthmas consolidated medication treatment There has been rising acknowledgment of the continuous incendiary technique in the aviation route mass of asthmatic patients Lacking recuperation of the aviation route hindrance between the intensifications of the asthma In the aviation route renovating, slow and dynamic that are irreversible changes that is the aftereffect of the ceaseless harm from the abuseed aviation route irritation. This lead to the adjustments in the asthmatic pharmacological administration that is the reason now, there is reduces dependence on the utilization of the bronchodilators as the fundamental treatment. There is more noteworthy accentuation on aviation routes irritation control with nonstop breathed in glucocorticosteroids or another mitigating drug for instance Montelukast Grouping of the medications for the asthma Bronchodilators are the medications that demonstration artificially by contracting smooth muscle cells aviation routes for the unwinding and in this way decrease of the aviation route impediment if there is the nearness of the bronchospasm. There are primarily three kinds of the bronchodilators: ?2 sympathomimetics which invigorate ?2 adrenergic receptors on the aviation route of smooth muscle cells (Antoniu, 2012) Breathed in anticholinergics which hinder muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the aviation route of smooth muscle cells (Antoniu, 2012) Methylxanthine alkaloids are the medications that are taken orally or through intravenous infusion. These medications are harmful and have a lesser restorative list and are not utilized generally in Australia yet showcased in the North America (Antoniu, 2012). The ?2 agonists are artificially connected with the adrenaline receptor same as the adrenaline it ties to the adrenergic receptors and invigorates the adrenergic receptors on the aviation route of the smooth muscle cells. As adrenaline hormone animates every one of the 1, ?1, ?2 and all the receptors however the ?2 agonists is particular for the ?2 receptor in particular so they amazingly invert the bronchospasm These are further of two sorts short acting and long acting ?2 agonists Adrenergic and anticholinergic bronchodilators A thoughtful and parasympathetic framework has restricting activity. Speediness of the thoughtful sensory system and hesitance of the parasympathetic sensory system have comparable impact model for the equivalent is bronchodilating movement of both ipratropium bromide and salbutamol (Soler Ramsdell, 2014). . In Zancys case, his drug incorporates ventolin as it clears the aspiratory pathway and quit wheezing issue. His prescription incorporates anti-infection agents and immunosuppressants that help improvement of the irritation condition and concealment of incendiary reaction through the counter acting agent antigen response. As his mom told that his condition has been improved and they had quit taking medicine and just when required they use ventolin that improve wheezing yet not hacking. Hence, he required prescription for hacking that upsets his rest (Soler Ramsdell, 2014). . In Zancy care plan nurture needs to follow the clinical thinking cycle that will the medical caretaker in dynamic that what care is required on the need for the improvement of the Zancys asthmatic condition. Clinical thinking is the technique by which the medical caretakers and clinical assemble the signals, do the giving out of the data, gauge the issues identified with the patient, plan the association and set up as a regular occurrence them, survey the mediations results and develop their comprehension from the methodology (Soler Ramsdell, 2014). The strategy of the Clinical estimation is a repetitive procedure of interlinked clinical gatherings generally than a straight procedure. The development of the clinical thinking model, philosophical methodologies concerned are delineation of the patient circumstance, data assortment identified with new patient, relate and checked on the data, examination of the data, remember the data, narrow mindedness between the explored applicable an d superfluous data, comparing and predication of the in arrangement investigation for diagnosing and acknowledgment of the trouble, objective foundation and evaluation(Matsumura, 2009). On account of Zancys asthma, his asthma is incited by the drawn out respiratory contamination by the infection and his breathing is exceptionally quick and furthermore it is extremely difficult for him to control his relaxing. Notwithstanding this Zancy produces wheezy sound during breathing and has issue of the nonstop hacking (Girdhar, Menon Vijayan, 2007). Along these lines the medical caretaker needs to appropriately do the assessment and dynamic about his treatment. Main goal of the medical caretaker ought to be brochodilation that helps in appropriate breathing and moderate breathing and furthermore decrease of his hacking through the treatment of expectorants as hacking deciphered his resting (Anselmo, 2011). In the event that the medical attendant can do the treatment concurring, at that point there should be certain consequences of Zanchys treatment. End The medicine utilized for the asthma incorporates ? agonist and anticholinergics as they are the bronchodilators and supports decrease of the bronchospasm and for the treatment of the aggravation, there is utilization of the anti-infection agents. Every one of these medications help in decrease of bronchospasm and fiery reactions (Stockman, 2013). In Zancys case, his medicine incorporates bronchodilator; ventolin, immunosuppressant; flixotide and anti-infection agents as they all improve his condition. For the situation, the positive outcomes are there as his mom told that he had quit taking drug due to improved wellbeing. As the asthmatic patients are progressively inclined to allergens they required prompt alleviation that is given by the utilization of inhaler that gives moment help and lesser reaction due quick ingestion. Notwithstanding inhalers there are such huge numbers of medications that are given orally and through infusions. For the attendant, during initial 24 hours of o rganization, the choice ought to be done through after clinical thinking cycle as it helps in compelling dynamic. References: Anselmo, M. (2011). Pediatric Asthma Controller Therapy. Pediatric Drugs, 13(1), 11-17. Antoniu, S. (2012). Nitrix oxide givers in asthma. Medications Of The Future, 37(8), 571. Barnes, P. (2009). Medications for asthma. English Journal Of Pharmacology, 147(S1), S297-S303. Divekar, R., Ameredes, B., Calhoun, W. (2013). Side effect Based Controller Therapy: A New Paradigm for Asthma Management.Current Allergy And Asthma Reports,13(5), 427-433. Gelaw, B., Gelaw, Y. (2014). Appraisal of Adequate Use of Asthma Inhalational Medication Administration in Children. Diary Of Physiology And Pharmacology Advances, 4(11), 454. Girdhar, A., Menon, B., Vijayan, V. (2007). Fundamental Inflammation And Its Response To Treatment In Bronchial Asthma. Chest, 132(4), 511A. Matsumura, Y. (2009). Aggravation Induces Glucocorticoid Resistance in Patients with Bronchial Asthma. Calming Anti-Allergy Agents In Medicinal Chemistry, 8(4), 377-386. Soler, X., Ramsdell, J. (2014). Anticholinergics/Antimuscarinic Drugs in Asthma. Current Allergy And Asthma Reports, 14(12).

English Essay Science Essays - Literature, Canadian Literature

English Essay Science Essays - Literature, Canadian Literature Logical Progress and its Costs Logical advancement is without a doubt positive, it is the main thrust behind human sorts extension. It made a large number of the things that have permitted people to turn into the most remarkable creature on earth. Anyway as logical advancement, inevitably different things should be moved back to take into consideration movement to proceed. In the novel Oryx and Crake By Margaret Atwood, a general public is delineated where logical advancement has nearly assumed control over each other part of society. The primary character Jimmy is brought up in the sumptuous mixes. Where companies make the most developed items for shoppers in the mixes and the pleeblands. Jimmy grows up seeing the complexities logical improvement can make. From his poor relationship with his family to the infection he enables his beloved companion to spread, unmistakably Jimmy has seen the best and most exceedingly terrible that logical advancement brings to the table. At last, When logical advancement is given r ule over every single other part of society, the effect on human culture, connections, life, and even the earth itself are colossal. In a general public where science covers society's center, humanities lose its significance. In Oryx and Crake, the companies reliably push for movement of science and dishearten individuals to seek after different fields of work. This can be seen from how Jimmy must be guided by crake so he can get tolerable evaluations. Crake tells Jimmy demonstrates the best way to take care of math and science issues, yet Jimmy [does] not see, and it didn't all come clear. (Atwood 174) To Crake math and science issues are straightforward, however Jimmy battles with them and can't perceive what Crake sees. Rather than the educational system permitting Jimmy to take humanities courses, where he exceeds expectations, he needs to take science subjects, and quest for elective techniques to learn subjects. This is intelligent of the general public that he lives in, the partnerships don't need individuals rehearsing humanities, and rather need them to concentrate on science, making humanities blur away from society. Moreover, Jimmy and Crake grew up messing around like Blood and Roses, an exchanging game [] the blood side [plays] with human barbarities for the counters [] slaughters, destructions [] the roses side [plays] with human accomplishments, fine arts, logical advancements. (78) This game mirrors the general public's absence of care for mankind's history, positive and negative. The center is absolutely put towards movement, and humanities, specifical history, are overlooked and just significant in PC games. This makes individuals not gain from humankind's past errors, and attempt to not rehash these mix-ups. Finally, when Jimmy graduates, he goes to Martha-Graham, a school that was, self-destructing [] encompassed [] by the tackiest sort of pleeblands. (185) in the interim Crakes school Watson-Crick, was a royal residence, at the passageway way was a tanned sculpture of the establishment ' s mascot [] the broad grounds inside the security dividers [was] perfectly spread o ut (199) The two unique conditions of the schools show where society's center is. Jimmy decides to seek after humanities, and on account of this gets something a lot lesser than Crake, who goes to class for science. This shows how in view of the emphasis put on logical movement, humanities and individuals rehearsing it lose significance and pertinence in the public arena. All in all, due to the mixes pushing the restrictions of logical movement, humanities are nearly overlooked. Individuals' re la tionships are demolished when society puts weight on progressing logical advancement. In the novel, numerous individuals battle to frame connections, and when connections are shaped, they hav e frequently destroyed in view of the general public push for logical movement. At the point when Jimmy is growing up his dad is a major researcher at OrganInc Farms, wh e re he is taking a shot at the pigoon venture. At the point when Jimmy ' s father makes a joke that upsets Jimmy, his mom says, Leave Daddy alone [says] his mom Daddy is thinking. That is the thing that they pay him for. He do esn' t possess energy for you at the present time. (20) It is evident that due to Jimmy ' s father ' s occupation, and its substantial work requests, that Jimmy ' s relationship endures, yet so does his parent ' s marriage.

To What Extent And How Has global Social Policy Developed In Recent

To What Extent And How Has global Social Policy Developed In Recent To What Extent And How Has global Social Policy Developed In Recent Decades â€" Essay Example > Introduction International organizations play a significant role when it comes to social policy making. According to Yeates (2012), the role played by international organizations, has resulted to universal harmony and co-operation when it comes to fighting social injustices and epidemics. These organizations greatly contribute to growth and developments by influencing, initiating and finally determining which social policies should be passed. A set of rules and regulations are drafted by the International Organizations to determine how resources should be distributed and what criteria to follow. This has allowed them to carry out surveys in order to determine which country is eligible to receive any aid. Therefore International Organizations are able to identify a problem, the cause of the problem and provide possible conclusions on social inequality and poverty globally (Molyneux, 2007). This report will focus on social policies that are aimed at gender equality, social security and the governance and politics of social policy. When it comes to the governance and politics of social policies globally, there are three significant areas to evaluate. These include; global social redistribution, global social regulation and global social rights (World Bank, 2012). In a bid to promote social equality in the world, international organizations advocate for global redistribution. This is because global redistribution keeps track of the recent social developments and initiatives conducted across the world. Patomaki Teivainen (2004) and Atkins (2004), argue that establishing an effective international taxation system will facilitate fair distribution thus promoting equal allocation of resources for development. International taxation as a mechanism for global redistribution has contributed to international and supranational debate resulting to a delayed consensus. International organizations still do not agree on a standardized mode in which this money will be used and what criteria to follow in distribution (Atkins, 2004). An international redistribution that has been successful in contributing towards development includes the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria among other tropical diseases (TheGlobalFund, 2003). The procedure used by the Global Fund to distribute the resources and financial aid required gives first priority to countries that need it most then others follow. The World Bank uses a ranking system whereby low income countries receive funding first followed by middle income countries. Nonetheless a country will only receive financial aid and resources if their need based on diseases is outstanding (TheGlobalFund, 2003). This redistribution mechanism has greatly contributed to economic growth in most countries that benefit from it. Recipient nations are empowered in a complementary manner by bringing citizens together for the common good of each one of them. This is because during the bidding process to receive funds, Co untry Co-coordinating Mechanisms are encouraged to form partnerships with companies and organizations in the private sector. This strategy is based on the socio-economic criteria which enable citizens from a recipient nation to receive funds even if their government is not supportive or there is political instability. As a result applications can be made through the private sector. Additionally there are more democratized, strong social and global countries (Munck, 2005). International Organizations have used the redistribution of resources among countries as a platform to allow them to interact with each other through trades and exchange of services. Yeates (2005) argues that by providing a platform to carry out discussions, analysis and for education purposes, International Organizations continue to use global social regulation to encourage free trade activities among neighboring nations. Over the years global social regulations go hand in hand with global redistributions. Citiz ens from beneficiary countries continue to get empowered as they are educated about their social rights.

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1741 Words

Book Report The Great Gatsby Book Report Book Written by F. Scott Fitzgerald This report is based upon the book, The Great Gatsby, written by Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald. This book is published by Simon Schuster in 2004, and it is an imprint of Charles Scribner’s Sons, originally published in 1925. It is also considered as one of Francis Fitzgerald’s â€Å"magnum opus† or great work. Introduction Do you appreciate a good mystery? In the Great Gatsby, Francis Fitzgerald gives a glimpse inside the forestalled love of the infamously wealthy Jay Gatsby and the beautiful Daisy Buchanan in a period of deteriorated moral and social values. This Jazz Age and Modernist novel exists as an eye opener in events that still occur at the center of the American culture. It evokes the world through the emotional outcome of Gatsby’s pursuit of his dream towards proving himself and winning the heart of his one and only love. Theme The main theme of the novel is the collapse of the American Dream at an age of unknown affluence. It is one of the habitual matters in the literary world. Cynicism, as portrayed by Fitzgerald in the novel, is approached not only through the effects of greed and pursuit of happiness, but also through the sense that it corrupts the major characters of the novel, including a part of the American culture. This becomes a detrimental cause of the theme due to the characters’ motivation for self-interest. Another theme of the novel is the structure and development ofShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. 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Twelfth Night Comedy by Shakespeare and Its Effect on...

Twelfth Night Comedy by Shakespeare and Its Effect on Other Writings While Great Expectations and Gulliver’s Travels were not written as comedy, humor is seen in them. The comedy in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night can be related to the comedy in those writings, although Shakespeare used a variety of comedic techniques, not used in either Great Expectations or Gulliver’s Travels. The comedy in Twelfth Night varies greatly from the comedy in Great Expectations and Gulliver’s Travels at times. Irony is a common comedic element seen in all three works. Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is commonly known as a satire, therefore it uses improbable irony as a tool. The misfortune, ridiculousness and contradict of Gulliver’s adventures is funny.†¦show more content†¦Although there are many opinions about the play’s nature, it is commonly seen as an influential comedy. In the play, two twins are shipwrecked on the coast of an ideal country, like Disneyland, called Illyria. They are separated, neither knowing the other is alive. The female, Viola, pretends to be a male page and works for the duke Orsino. Her job is to woo the lady he likes, Olivia. Viola is wooing for Orsino, pretending to be Cesario, and Olivia falls in love with her! Meanwhile, a man called Antonio is helping her twin, Sebastian. In the end Viola and Sebastian meet, the Duke marries Viola, and Sebastian marries Olivia. There are many comedic aspects of this play, one is Maria’s letter. Maria, a helper of Olivia, writes a letter to trick Malvolio into making a fool of himself by making him think Olivia likes him. Maria’s letter says: â€Å"If this fall into thy hand, revolve. In my stars I am above thee, but be not afraid of greatness. Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon ‘em. Thy Fates open their hands. Let thy blood and spirit embrace them. And, to inure thyself to what thou art like to be, cast thy humble slough and appear fresh. Be opposite with a kinsman, surly with servants. Let thy tongue tang arguments of state. Put thyself into they trick of singularity. She thus advises thee that sighs for thee. Remember who commanded thy yellow stockings and wished to see thee everShow MoreRelated A Comparison of Romantic Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night1505 Words   |  7 PagesDream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night In all of Shakespeares plays, there is a definitive style present, a style he perfected. From his very first play (The Comedy of Errors) to his very last (The Tempest), he uses unique symbolism and descriptive poetry to express and explain the actions and events he writes about. Twelfth Night, The Tempest and A Midsummer Nights Dream are all tragicomedies that epitomise the best use of the themes and ideology that Shakespeare puts forth. NaturallyRead MoreTwelfth Night2039 Words   |  9 PagesTwelfth Night Twelfth Night is a comedy of light and shade. Its characters are not unreservedly happy and the events are not unreservedly humorous. Discuss. As a comedy, Twelfth Night is obviously intending to not only entertain its audience but also point out problems in society. It is imperative to entire merit of the play not to be realistic but to allow for empathy. Therefor to have a comedy of complete lightheartedness there would be no balance Read MoreThe Different Types of Comedy Employed by Shakespeare in Twelfth Night741 Words   |  3 PagesDifferent Types of Comedy Employed by Shakespeare in Twelfth Night William Shakespeare wrote Twelfth Night in 1914 as he was commissioned by Queen Elizabeth I to write a comic play for very important Italian courtier. The play included themes of love, confusion, disguise and other particularly funny topics from Shakespearean time. The title Twelfth Night fits in well with the comic play for a number of reasons. 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How Does Much Friends Affect The Self Esteem Of A Student...

Jose shared how he tries to hide that he is a First Generation College Student for he is afraid that he might be judged by his peers of being ignorant. He shared that many people have a stereotype that First Generation College Students do not know what they are doing in college and that they are not smart enough. He said he tries harder than most of his peers to make sure that he does not get that label when his friends find out he is a First Generation College Student; he reminds himself that it is a motivator to succeed. His statement taught me about how much friends can impact the self-esteem of a student and the effect it can have. I asked the students if they can go back in time when they applied for different colleges and universities what would they do differently or wish you had. They all shared that they wish they had a mentor who would lead and guide them about the steps into going to college. They wished they had someone who offered guidance to know what campus might be the best fit for their character and talents. They emphasized the fact that it would have been helpful if there was a clear instruction on how to fill out FAFSA. They talked about different terms that they did not understand until they heard from their peers. Overall, they wished they had more information about the process of applying to different colleges with detailed information about what it means to the students and the parents. I have sought out different resources to read aboutShow MoreRelatedSelf -Esteem and Student Success1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Self-Esteem on Student Success Cristine Scott Central Michigan University CED 502 Student Development in Higher Education Mr. John Lalibertà © In today’s’ society, success is often measured by academic and professional achievement. Higher education provides more opportunity and freedom. 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Ratio Analysis of Ultra Electronics and Boeing - Sample Solution

Question: Describe about the Ratio Analysis of Ultra Electronics and Boeing company? Answer: About the companies: Both the companies under review belong to the industry of Aerospace and Defence. Ultra Electronics is the company that offers many of the generating highly differentiated solutions and solutions with the products in Defence and Aerospace, Security, Cyber, Transport and Energy market by applying the electronic and software technologies in demanding and critical environments in order to meet the needs of the customers. The company uses innovation to meet the different requirements of its customers and better than the solutions that are offered by its competitors. (Ultra electronics, 2015) Boeing is one of the largest aerospace company and a leading manufacturer of the commercial jetliners and defence, space and security systems. It is the top US exporter and the company supports airlines and the US and the allied government customers in more than 150 countries. The company offers its products and the tailored services that includes the commercial and military aircraft, satellites, weapons, electronic and defence systems, launch systems, advanced information and communication systems, and performance-based logistics and training. (Boeing, 2015) Introduction: Ultra Electronics increasingly uses its wide portfolio of the specialist capabilities that allows its highly differentiated solutions into the defence and aerospace, security and cyber and transport and the energy market sectors. It is this broad diversity that gives a good resilience to the financial performance of the company and goes onto provide the solid growth. During the last 12 months, the group has used the uncertainty in the US government funded market but the lack of clarity has resulted in the delays in the expected orders, approvals and payments. It is the continued fiscal pressures that results in the broader government funded markets, changing market dynamics that have tested the business model of the company. But the groups sustained investment and the constant focus on improving the operational efficiencies along with its inherent agility that has shown the model that it is robust and has positioned the company for growth during the times of the normal returns. (Ultra electronics, 2015) The revenue of Boeing increased by 6% during the year and recorded an amount of $86.6 billion with the increase of 20% in the core earnings per share. The earnings per share were recorded at $7.07. The core earnings were set between $7 and $7.20 whereas the GAAP earnings per share were set between $6.10 and $6.30. The revenue guidance were set between $87.5 and $90.5 billion. The chairman reported that the operating cash flow before the amount of pension were estimated to be $7 billion whereas the operating cash flows before the set at $6.25 billion. The fourth quarter results recorded an increased amount of the revenue and earnings along with an increased returns to the shareholders. The following is the graph for the 5 years: This report aims at discussing the various aspects and the indicators and ratios in respect of Boeing (which is the target company and is being compared with the Ultra Electronics) and then giving the recommendations as to how the same could be improved. Performance: In the end of the November, Boeing had employed about 82,500 in state of Washington, but this number has reduced from 3,900 from January 2013. Even then, the investors love the company. The orders and the backlog are very strong for the airliners. The sector of defence sector has not been hit by the market as was expected. The balance sheet shows a very good performance of the company. The company went on to raise its dividend by 50% and had also announced a $10 billion stock buyback. The dividend alone meant that about $2.16 billion worth of shareholders next year. (Seattle times, 2015) The legal disclaimers that are followed in the market are the legal disclaimers that included the marketing and advertising around the funds and other investments. The company enjoys a great track record in the area of business and it also inspires confidence about the performance in the future. The past financial performance of the company is very impressive. From the past 5 years, the group has indicated that it has a compounded annual growth rate of 16pn. The return of the shareholders includes the rise in the share price and the payments of the dividends. The company has also forecasted the rise of 11pc with the pre-tax profits with 23pc. The balance sheet of the company is robust with the net cash. The company enjoys the history of making the sensible strategic purchases work. The shares yield about 2.3 pc trading on the December 2011 earnings. (Telegraph, 2015) Cash flow statements: In respect of Boeing, the operating cash flows during the last quarter were $1.4 billion and this reflected the production rates of the commercial airplanes and strong core operating performance and the timing of the receipts and the expenditures. During the year, the company has repurchased the 7.6 million shares for $1billion and then paid .4 billion as dividends. On the basis of the strong cash generation and the outlook, the board authorized to pay an additional $10 billion share repurchase program and then raised the quarterly dividend of 50%. In respect of Ultra electronics, the notes of the cash flow statement shows that the company has incurred an impairment loss of $44,239 thousand during the year 2013. There is a significant amount of an increase in the receivables from $5,696 thousands to $43,144 thousands. There is a significant change in the cash outflow from the fall in the debt and the finance lease from $8898 to 521 thousands. Non-financial performance indicators: Ultra electronics: The company enjoys the portfolio of its specialist areas. The company concentrates on providing its customers with the capabilities and the systems by using the groups electronic and the software solutions of the niche markets in defence, transport and energy. The company focusses on the development of the specialist capabilities that provides the differentiated solutions in order to cater to the requirements of the customers. The company has about 150 specialist capability areas. The customer base of the company has widened and this allows its wide portfolio of the specialist capabilities to its customers around the world. The company is a supplier to a wide variety of different project offices, integrated project teams and the platform teams. It also caters to the larger number of different customers. The geographic footprint of the company has pursed the company in gaining an access into the second largest addressable defence budgets in the world. The US spends more on each of the defence each and every year than the rest of the countries when counted together. The majority of the acquisitions of the company has rather been been in North America. (Ultra electronics, 2015) Boeing: The company is all set to the core values that only define who they actually are and also, serve as the guideposts that helps the company in becoming it desires to be. The company takes a high road when it comes to practising the highest ethical standards and in honouring its commitments. It takes its personal responsibility for its own actions. The company strives for the first time quality and aims at continuous improvement in meeting the standards of excellence stakeholders that are expected from them. The company values the human life and health above anyone else and takes the actions according to the maintenance of the safety in the work places, products and the services. The company feels personally accountable towards the safety and collective responsibility for the safety of the people. In meeting the quality, costa and schedule, the safety is never compromised. The company values its skills, strengths and the visions and views of the diverse teams. The company foster the collaborative workplace and engages the employees where they find the solutions for their customers in order to fulfil their common business objectives. The company acts with integrity, consistence and honesty. They value culture, openness and inclusion in which each and every one is treated fairly and where everyone has an opportunity to contribute. The company is a responsible partner, partner, neighbour and citizen to the diverse communities and the customers that it serves. It promotes health and the wellbeing of the people their families and the communities. The company is very cautious about its environment. It volunteers and financially supports education and the other worthy causes. The company operates profitably and with integrity. The customers are provided with the best value innovation and with this, they achieve the competitive edge of their own markets and enables its employees to work in a safe and an ethical environment with a highly attractive and a competitive mix of the pay along with the benefits. The companys hares its ability of the future success and rewards its customers by maximising their wealth. The company conducts its business lawfully and ethically when it comes to their suppliers and helps in strengthening the communities all around the world. (Boeing, 2015) SWOT Analysis of Boeing: Strengths: The strengths of the company includes the fact that it builds the best products in the world and produces a variety of the products to meet the demand of the different customers. Weakness: The company spends a huge amount of money in research and development each and every year and this affects its earnings. The company has a huge amount pf pension cost. Opportunities: The company has very good image in the eyes of its customers and this makes the products of the company reliable. The employees drill around 18 million holes each year and this shows that the company has an opportunity to improve its performance and produce best quality products. Threats: This industry is best affected by the regulations and the contracts of the government and this is very uncertain. Ratio analysis: The following are the ratios that have been calculated. (Amounts in in thousands) (Amounts in $ in millions) Ultra electronics Boeing company Profitability ratios: Profit before interest and taxation 49281 6618 Equity and debt 393843 23069 Return on capital employed 12.51% 28.69% Net profit after taxes 38157 4585 Equity 321179 14997 Return on equity 11.88% 30.57% Net profit after taxes 38157 4586 Revenue 745154 86623 Net profit ratio 5.12% 5.29% Gross profit 221467 13430 Revenue 745154 86623 Gross profit ratio 29.72% 15.50% Need to improve Liquidity ratios: Current assets 334021 65074 Current liabilities 305795 51486 Current ratio 1.092303667 1.263916404 Current assets-stock 276247 22162 Current liabilities 305795 51486 Quick ratio 0.903373175 0.430447112 Need to improve Efficiency ratios: Inventory*365 21087510 15662880 Cost of sales 523687 73193 Inventory holding period 40.26739255 213.9942344 Need to improve Debtors*365 87569340 2389290 Revenue 745154 86623 Debtors holding period 117.5184459 27.58262817 Creditors*365 98516055 3466770 Cost of sales 523687 73193 Creditors holding period 188.120108 47.36477532 Need to improve Financial structure: Long term borrowings 72664 8072 Long term borrowings equity 393843 23069 Gearing ratio 18.45% 34.99% Profit before interest and taxes 49281 6618 Interest expense 9723 386 Interest cover 5.068497377 17.14507772 The following are the comparative ratios for the 3 years: (Amounts in $ in millions) 2013 2012 2011 Boeing company Profitability ratios: Profit before interest and taxation 6618 6352 5891 Equity and debt 23069 14940 13626 Return on capital employed 28.69% 42.52% 43.23% Net profit after taxes 4585 3900 4018 Equity 14997 5967 10018 Return on equity 30.57% 65.36% 40.11% Net profit after taxes 4585 3900 4018 Revenue 86623 81698 68735 Net profit ratio 5.29% 4.77% 5.85% Gross profit 13430 13142 12996 Revenue 86623 81698 68735 Gross profit ratio 15.50% 16.09% 18.91% Liquidity ratios: Current assets 65074 57309 49810 Current liabilities 51486 44982 41274 Current ratio 1.263916404 1.274042951 1.206813006 Current assets-stock 22162 19558 17570 Current liabilities 51486 44982 41274 Quick ratio 0.430447112 0.434796141 0.425691719 Efficiency ratios: Inventory*365 15662880 13779115 11767600 Cost of sales 73193 68556 55739 Inventory holding period 213.9942344 200.99065 211.1196828 Debtors*365 2389290 2046920 2114445 Revenue 86623 81698 68735 Debtors holding period 27.58262817 25.0547137 30.76227541 Creditors*365 3466770 3428810 3068190 Cost of sales 73193 68556 55739 Creditors holding period 47.36477532 50.01473248 55.04565923 Financial structure: Long term borrowings 8072 8973 10018 Long term borrowings equity 23069 14940 13626 Gearing ratio 34.99% 60.06% 73.52% Profit before interest and taxes 6618 6352 5891 Interest expense 386 442 498 Interest cover 17.14507772 14.37104072 11.82931727 Explanations: Return and risk: A risk is the likelihood that the expected return would be different from the actual return. Return can either be a loss or a profit. Profitability: Profitability is the potential of a business to yield gain or profit. Profitability is measured by the profitability ratios like profit margin, return on assets ratio, and return on equity ratio. Return on capital employed: Return on capital employed is the return that the company earns form the amount of money that it has invested in the business. The graph shows a downward trend which indicates that there has been a decrease in the % of the return on the capital employed. This is not good for the company. The main reason for the same were the increase in the profit and increase in debt and equity. Return on equity (ROE): ROE are the earnings that the company earns by investing the funds of the shareholders in the business. The more the return on equity, the better is the profitability of the business. It is arrived at by dividing the net income by the average of opening as well as the closing balance of the shareholders equity. The graph shows a downward trend which indicates that there has been a decrease in the % of the return on the equity of the shareholder. This is not good for the company. The reason for the same could be an increase in the net profit and increase in the equity. Profit margin ratio: It is the ratio that is expressed between the net income that is earned by a company and the sales that are affected during that period. It is arrived at by dividing the net income by sales. The graph shows the ratio to be at the same level. The reason for the same could be the increase in the net profit and revenues. There has been a reduction in the amount of the gross profit. The reason for the same could be the rise in the revenue but not the same level of increase in the gross profits. Current ratio: Current ratio is the measure that tells us as to what extent the current assets are able to pay off the current liabilities of the company. It is arrived at by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. The graph shows an increase which is a good thing since the company will be able to meet its obligations easily. The reason for the increase could be the rise in the current assets and current liabilities. Acid test ratio: Quick or the acid test ratio is the measure to determine the extent to which the current assets, except inventory, are able to pay off the current liabilities of the company. It is arrive at by dividing the sum of cash, accounts receivables and short term investments by the current liabilities. The graph shows an increase which is a good thing since the company will be able to meet its obligations easily. The reason for the increase could be the rise in the current assets less inventory and current liabilities. Inventory turnover ratio: It is a measure that estimates the number of times a company replaces its inventory during a year. It is arrived at by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average of opening and closing inventory. When we divide the inventory by the cost of sales multiplied by 365, we get the number of days that are taken to convert the inventory into sales. The graph shows an increase in the number of days. This shows that the company is now taking more days to convert its inventory into sales. The reason for the same was increase in inventory and increase in the cost of sales. Accounts receivable turnover ratio: It is a measure through which the company estimates the number of times the company collects the balance in the accounts receivables account. It is arrived at by dividing the sales by the average of opening and closing accounts receivable. When we divide the debtors by the revenue multiplied by 365, we get the number of days that are taken to convert the accounts receivables into cash. The number of days have decreased which indicates that the company is able to convert its receivables into cash much faster now and therefore, enjoys a good cash position. Accounts payable turnover ratio: It is a measure through which the company estimates the number of times the company pays the balance in the accounts payable account (to its suppliers). It is arrived at by dividing the purchases made during the year by the average accounts payable. When we divide the creditors by the cost of sales multiplied by 365, we get the number of days that are taken to convert the accounts payables into cash. The graph shows a decrease which indicates that the company is paying off its creditors faster now. Gearing ratio: This is the ratio that shows the degree to which the firm's activities are funded by owner's funds versus creditor's funds. The more the ratio, the more riskily is the company. The gearing ratio of the company has deceased which indicates that the company is less risky now. Interest coverage ratio: It is the ratio used to determine the ease with which the company is able to pay off the interest on outstanding borrowings. It is arrived at by dividing the earnings before interest and taxes by the interest expense. The ratio has increased which is a good sign is since, it merely shows that the companys revenues are able to cover the interest. Conclusion and recommendations: The ratios that have been calculated above shows that the company has suffered a fall in its performance but it is able to cover its interest expense by more number of times. The company must focus on reducing its expenses. It must start looking for the ways through which the costs could be reduced by switching off to the less costly options that are available in the market but at the same time, must never compromise on the quality of the services and the products that it offers. The company must focus on increasing its profit amount since the financial reports shows an increase in the equity and debt only and no corresponding increasing at par with the profit margin. The company must concentrate on the ways through it can increase its profits since there has been a continuous increase in the equity but no corresponding increase in the profit. As the result, the ratio has reduced. The company must offer its customers discounts, payment options, etc. so that it can convert its inventory into sales at a much faster pace. References: Boeing.com, (2015). Boeing: Boeing in Brief. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://www.boeing.com/boeing/companyoffices/aboutus/brief.page Boeing.com, (2015). Boeing: Culture Values. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://www.boeing.com/boeing/aboutus/culture/index.page? Boeing.com, (2015). Boeing: The Boeing Company. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://www.boeing.com/boeing/ hsprod.investis.com, (2015). Annual report 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://hsprod.investis.com/ir/ule/pdf/Annual_report_2010.pdf hsprod.investis.com, (2015). Annual report 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://hsprod.investis.com/ir/ule/pdf/ultra-ara-2013.pdf Talon, J. (2015). Boeing's soaring performance in 2013. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://blogs.seattletimes.com/jontalton/2013/12/31/boeings-soaring-performance-in-2013/ Ultra-electronics.com, (2015). Ultra Electronics | Group overview. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://www.ultra-electronics.com/about-us/group-overview.aspx Ultra-electronics.com, (2015). Ultra Electronics | Welcome. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://www.ultra-electronics.com/ White, G. (2011). Questor share tip: Good time to invest in under-rated defense company - Telegraph. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/questor/8635545/Questor-share-tip-Good-time-to-invest-in-under-rated-defence-company.html

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It is most often the first step in a research program the step designed to uncover motivation, reasons, impression, perception, and ideas that relevant individuals have about a subject of interests. Unlike more quantitative methods of research, qualitative research involves talking in depth and detail with few individuals. The goal is to develop extensive information from a few people. The author also defines quantitative as a type of research; the goal is to develop important-but limited- information from each individual and to talk with a sizable number of individuals in order to draw inferences about the population at large. The characteristic of qualitative research, on the other hand, inc ludes small samples, extensive information from each other respondent, and a search for meaning, ideas and relevant issues to quantify in later steps of the research program. Dark tourism is a different type of tourist attraction. It is the act of travel and visitation to sites of death, disaster and the seemingly macabre. Tourists flock to experience sites of past terror that offer up grim and disturbing tragedies (www.citypaper). Howie (2003, p. 325) argues that dark tourism can be define as a term coined by Lennon and Foley(2000) for tourism motivated by a desire to visit places associated with death and catastrophe such as famous assassination sites, for example where president Kennedy was shot in Dallas, Texas, or the concentration camps in Europe and Holocaust memorial in Israel. Dark tourism has been very important because is the time people remember their loves ones who has been dead through war. Tourist or visitors intend to visit the darker side of tourism from all over the world and for different reasons for example because of curiosity and maybe something they have heard before. Dark tourism includes some of the most famous places in the world to visit. It is obvious that most tourists travel because they are very interested in seeing the dark side of tourism such as the death and disaster which occurred in countries such as country France, Belgium and Germany where soldiers died in the wars. This dark tourism issue has caused a lot of discussion as to why people do this in among academics. Research in the field of dark tourism has not been very important until the early nineteen seventies; it began to spread only since that time. Marketing research is a broad concept including various techniques, but a main distinction should be made between quantitative and qualitative research methods. As said early Quantitative techniques describe variables by assigning a number representing an attitude, opinion or motivation- which can be statistically analysed. In contrast, qualitative research focuses on attitudes, opinions and motivations in the words of each respondent, but without quantifying it. Quantitative methods have always dominated in tourism, as it often appears as more reliable, since it is based on facts that can be observed, and then analysed. This paper will focus on the quantitative correlation study method used in survey based researches. Social research is a collection of methods people use to systematically combine theories and ideas to produce knowledge. Because of its complexity, researchers must be able to carefully select a method or methods that will best suit their study objectives. Quantitative research methods consist of: experiment, content analysis, existing statistics (correlation), and survey. The correlation and survey will be the two main methods that will be emphasized. In a survey research, people are asked questions either through the use of questionnaires or during an interview. Unlike the experiment approach, the condition and situation in a survey requires no manipulation. All the subjects have to do is to answer questions. Good quantitative research is determined by validity and reliability of the research method used. Quantitative research is a technique for comparing relationship between time, weight, size and performance. The purpose of quantitative market research is to have an increased understanding of the product First Fruit. This research is numerically oriented and requires attention of consumers as well. For example an insurance company may ask its customers to rate its overall service as excellent, good, poor, very poor. Quantitative data consist of numbers representing counts or measurements (e.g., height, weights, salaries, etc.). Quantitative data can be further divided into discrete data or continuous data. Discrete data result from either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. Continuous data result from infinitely many possible values that can be associated with points on a continuous scale in such a way that there are no gaps are interruptions. However, qualitative techniques have become to be more commonly used for the last decade. Each technique has obviously specific advantages and drawbacks; that is why it is necessary to examine both in different contexts, especially in tourism research. As Alf H. Walle reported in his report called Quantitative versus Qualitative Research in Tourism, plurality of equally valid research strategies exist within tourism. Choice must be thus determined according to the situation in which the research takes place. Grounded Theory is still very relevant today as it is the main form of rigorous and rule-governed qualitative methods. Even if it attempts to maintain positivist rigor, a high degree of Modernism can be reached through this technique. As both quantitative and qualitative research methods have advantages and drawbacks. To evaluate this problem and overcome the limitations, the principal solution appears to be the use of both methods in the same time, according to the situation. As Miller and Crabtree pointed out, different levels of intensity can be reached in tourism research, this intensity being defined as the degree to which qualitative methods are associated with quantitative methods. The canonical correlation analysis is based on the same principle, but it uses multiple dependent variables, thus enlarging the scope of research. However, both methods have the same limitations: omitted variables may be correlated with existing ones, and the environmental conditions are likely to change. On the other hand, factor analysis and collecting analysis are two other important quantitative techniques that can be useful for tourism research methods. Factor analysiss goal is to identify the underlying dimension in data and to reduce the number of variables by eliminating redundancy. Validity also helps produce the desire result the researcher is looking for. Validity can define as the extent to which the information collected by the researcher truly reflects the phenomenon being studied veal (2006, p.41). In tourism research there are different approaches targeting the audience when researching. The primary sources of these methods have largely come from sociology and anthrop ology. Since that time, qualitative techniques have developed, but the sharpest rise in qualitative publications has really occurred in the nineteen eighties, the main reason for that being that figures cant explain all the situations, especially in a field such as tourism. Besides, decision behaviours are always depending on two main elements that should not be forgotten: firstly, task factors include the number of alternative and attributes, time pressure, response mode and information format. Secondly, Context factors refer to the similarity of the options in a choice, the quality of the choice set, as well as reference points and framing. This report also considers qualitative techniques as inadequate because of the extra time, effort and skill required; besides the model tested may in this case be incompletely or inadequately specified. Most researchers use different approaches of researching as has been said before, for example a focus group. Using a focus group also help analyse what the research is about and also gives broad ideas of another audience. Additionally, it also helps identify what people want and love to do in a tourism organisation. Researchers conduct focus group so that they can know the perception of their opinion, attitude or be haviours towards something. Focus group is a unique method of qualitative research in discussing issues with group of people. According to lia (2003, p.1) a focus group is defined as a small structured group with selected participant, normally led by a moderator. They are set up in other groups to explore specific topic, and individual views and experiences through group interaction a focus group is intended to be a collection of data from audience and also having individual interviews for example face to face interviews. On the other hand, a focus group has a limitation of analysing a topic. A Focus group can very be difficult in terms of gathering all the information taken from a target audience. As Monique (2007, p. 10) argues that despite popular belief, focus group research is not a cheap and quick exercise; it requires a great of preparation, organisation, and time to collect, manage and analyse and the data. The sample size is usually small, and there is a large use of non-pr obability sampling methods, meaning that results cant be generalized to the whole population, they are just reliable for the sample concerned. Descriptive methods summarize some aspects of the environment, they only describe but without looking for the cause and effect of relationships. Surveys with questionnaires are the main way to collect data, they can be achieved face-to-face or by indirect means such as mail, phone, fax or the Internet. This usually takes a long time, but a large sample can be used easily. Finally, causal research establishes a cause-effect link between variables. In each case, the main strength of projective techniques is that respondents are more willing to give answers that they wouldnt have given if they knew the purpose of the study, especially when the subject is personal or difficult. Whats more, it can reveal motivations or attitudes at a subconscious level. Yet, these methods require highly trained interviewers and skilled interpreters, as they are open ended techniques that can thus be difficult to interpret. Finally, other qualitative methods can be used to explain the reasons and motivations underlying in peoples decisions. Moreover, there are different ways of research in terms of academic working. Researcher mostly use the following ways, referencing usually when we paraphrase or summarize someone else opinion. Books, journals, video, personal interview, emails and many more are some of the sources that researchers use. Qualitative research can be used to enhance quantitative work. Finally, in qualitative research it can lead to theological sampling. As quoted from (Manson 1996:93-4) in Long (2007, p.42) said, theoretical sampling means selecting groups or categories to study on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦basis of their relevance to your question , your theoretical positionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and most importantly the explanation or account which you are developingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[using] criteria which help to develop and test your theory and explanation. The researcher is going to identify some side effect or complication of secondary research. According to veal (2006, p.148) he argues that are advantage and disadv antage of using secondary data to analyse research. Some of the advantages can be, timing- data maybe instantly available, cost of collecting new data avoided and disadvantages can be secondary data that has been designed for another purpose so it may be not be ideal for the current project. A clear link with this essay summarise up the importance of why visitors or tourist visit the darker side of tourism. It has now become clear that, tourists have their own interest and what motivates them to visit this place which there is no doubt for that. Additionally, the researcher focuses on different approaches of research and picked one approach to research the dark tourism.

Modern Love :: essays research papers

The handsome prince sweeps the beautiful maiden off her feet. They are so in love, so adoring of each other. The perfect courtship is quickly followed by the perfect wedding, thereupon the perfect couple creates the perfect life together. The wondrous dream of the â€Å"happily ever after† is one hidden deep in everyone. Although, the dreamy, vain quest for this perfect life mostly results in pretense, lying, and ceases in complete unhappiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In George Meredith’s poem from Modern Love, the speaker conveys a kind of love that is very grim. Both characters long to escape their dark marriage. It seems their life together has regretfully been empty and full of pretense. That is shown in the beginning of the poem, when she does not want him to know she is crying, â€Å"At his hand’s light quiver to her head the strange low sobs...were called into her with sharp surprise.† (Line 2-4). She seems to keep on with her happy show even when they are alone, though both of them know it is fictitious. They long for this tortuous relationship to end, and they see death as the only conclusion to their turmoil, â€Å"Each wishing for the sword that severs all.† (Line 16). Although death is hardly the best solution to a problem, the woman in this poem sees it as an alternative and an escape to the lie she is living. Both of them, in desperation, accept the loss of their life and their world. H iding their feelings and ignoring their problems only brought them unhappiness. It appears that the speaker is saying that modern love is really no love at all, but an act that one puts on so that their world can appear happy, while those who are â€Å"in love† are dying inside.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any love relationship has its downfalls and complications, but to be healthy, it must be honest.

A Comparison between British and Indian Political Party Systems Essay

It is a cardinal truth that party system has now become an inseparable part of the political tradition of any country. But due to the differences in perception, values, outlook, beliefs, culture, party system varies from country to country. Thus, some countries are dominated by a single party, some others have developed a two-party system, but still others have evolved a multi-party one. Of course a comparison between India and Britain will make the issue crystal clear. India had been under the British rule of nearly two centuries and, hence, it was legitimately expected that they would have some basic similarities in political system and structure. But, as a matter of fact, their political system has engendered queer dissimilarities in practical politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, British tradition has taught the politicians the value of tolerance and cooperation. So the Opposition agrees that the Government, due to its majority support, rules the nation and the Government, in its turn, admit that the Opposition has the inherent right to criticize it. This inter-play between the Government and the Opposition is the life-blood of the British politics. â€Å"If the Opposition constantly obstructed and the Government consistently voted it down, the dictatorship of the majority would soon be established† (Jennings, 88). In this sense, he writes that the Opposition is an essential part of the political system. Sir William Harcourt had, however, pointed out that â€Å"The function of the Opposition is to oppose the Government† (p. 78). But Sir Jennings has aptly shown the folly of such contention. According to him, the real function of the opposition is to oppose the wrong policy of the Government and to support its beneficial actions. This is why often the Prime Minister and the opposition leader meet together and discuss the matters of public importance. They even try to formulate common policy and draft the Bills on the basis of an agreement. In this connection, Sir Jennings observes, â€Å"Many proposals of the Government are not opposed, because there is general agreement† (p. 89). During two World Wars, two major parties sunk their differences and worked together through the War-Cabinet. Even during the peace time, they come nearer in order to fight out national crisis. Thus, when in 1931, the Labor Prime Minister, Mr. Ramsay MacDonald, â€Å"†¦intended to resign due to a split in his party, the cabinet was saved by the Conservative Party which joined it in order to avert a constitutional crisis (Majumder, p. 375). This ‘National Government’ functioned till 1936 without any internal crisis and it clearly indicates that the political culture of Britain has taught the leaders to unite together during any national crisis. Sometimes, the point of view of two different political parties was opposite. But the Prime Minister allowed the Conservative Ministers to express their own view. This is known as ‘Agreement to Differ’.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But political system in India is quite different. The Government hardly listens to the Opposition and the later, in its turn, is never friendly to it. While the former depends upon it brute majority, the later is depended upon a policy of obstruction. The discussions in the Parliament, thus, often become a â€Å"worse than a primary-school debate† (Sikri, p. 184). The opposition leaders are sometimes arrested or abused or humiliated in an unseemly manner. In fact, politics of power in India has thrown the Government and the opposition to two hostile camps and nothing seems to be unjust in such tussle. For example, in 1999, the Central Government was ousted by one vote in an ugly manner. But the parties in the opposition which united together in order to topple the Cabinet, could not tie up for forming a new one. Similarly, the Central Government of every political color has lavishly used Art 356 of the constitution with a view to dismissing the state governments formed by the opponents. Thus, between 1950 and 1996, such President’s Rule was promulgated 93 times for political reasons (Source: Lok-Sabha Secretariat, India). In this sense, it can be held that the central weapon has been more abused than used. In other words, a constitutional, lacuna has often been exploited by the power mongers at the Center in order to let the opponents down. Secondly, the British political system has also convinced the leaders to give more importance to public service than to party interest or personal gains. Thus, in 1923, Bonar Law, the Prime Minister, resigned on grounds of health. But in India, the leaders are more concerned with power – they are prepared to retain or snatch it by means, foul or fair. If they can capture power, they try to stick to it till death or defeat. It is to be remembered that in 1834, Lord Melbourne, the British Prime Minister suffered a setback due to a split in his party. He then asked the King, William IV, whether or not he would remain in his office. Acting upon the royal advice, he actually stepped down. But in India, neither a Prime Minister nor a Chief Minister quits his office in this way. It too suggests that political system in India is quite different. Thirdly, Britain has a two-party system. However, Ogg admits that, â€Å"†¦besides the Conservative party and the Labor Party, there are also the Liberals† (p. 552). But, in fact, the liberals faded out during the nineteen thirties. But, in India is a multi-party system. In 1991, 445 parties registered their names with the Election Commission. True that, at the beginning, the Congress dominated the political scene and, consequently G. Austin held that, â€Å"The Congress was India and India was the Congress† (p. 8). Truly, India had â€Å"one-dominant party-system† (Morris-Jones, p. 174). But gradually, various parties based on religion, region, localism, language, caste, creed and personal ambition came up in rapid progress. In fact, the â€Å"†¦diversities of population have now created a pluralistic society and this mushroom growth of political parties has affected Indian unity in an alarming way† (Rout, p. 200). Fourthly, it is true that on occasions, the British leaders like Robert Peel, J. Chamberlain and W. Churchill defected from their party. But such defection was motivated by lofty idealism and not by personal ambition and party integrity. But in India, defection has become a highly profitable business. Between March and April of 1969 as many as 550 legislators crossed the floor and as some of them did it on several occasions, the number of such defection finally reached to more than one thousand. Some of them even changed their loyalties from times within a month. So Dr. Kashyap has rightly observed that such â€Å"large-scale defection has often resulted in the ups and downs of the Cabinets† (p. 6). Sixthly, while public involvement in the election in Britain has made it a popular democracy, India is, in this respect, lagging far behind. In Britain, 80-90 percent people cast their votes, because they know that voting is the basis of indirect democracy. But political system in India is pathetically otherwise. In 1984, the percentage of popular participation in election in India rose to 64, but normally it remains below 62 and in 1962, it came down to 55 percent. Moreover, this percentage is based upon huge number of false votes. â€Å"While British polls reflect honesty and purity of purpose, elections in India have become a costly furze. Capturing of booths, use of armed criminals and dacoits, manipulation in the voter-list, looting of ballot papers and so on have become essential parts of election† (Kapur, p. 425). Seventhly, India has also failed to accept the idea of neutral speaker-ship which is an important aspect of British political tradition. â€Å"He is, as near as a human being can be, impartial† (Finer, p. 475). So, as soon as he takes the chair, he cuts off all relationships with his party and acts as the non-partisan chairman of the House of Commons. But, the speakers in India remain party-men and they often give their rulings in their political interests. So, Dr. Dash has rightly remarked, â€Å"We have not been able to reach the standard of aloofness prevailing in this matter in England† (Dash, p. 262). Last, but not the least, the British political system does not, by any means, admit corruption or turpitude on the part of Ministers or Leaders. Strong public opinion has always condemned such affairs and, on occasions, Mr. Profumo and Mr. Parkinson have to resign from the Cabinet. But in India, a person with nearly a dozen criminal charges can be and remain in the Cabinet. Most strangely, even the people of the country do not bother much with such ugly affairs. Party, Government and the People In modern times, the party system is an essential part of political life. However, in the dictatorial system, a particular political party monopolizes all political power, because it is essentially a one-party rule (Neumann, p. 244).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But, in a democratic system like India and Britain, the government is formed by the people and it is keyed to public opinion. So, the political parties keep up a link between the government and the electorate. In fact, they keep the national life politically (Agarwal, p. 386). Democracy means the rule of the people and as they are guided by the political parties, political life veers around the party system. â€Å"It is the electorate who determines the form of Government and chooses who guide and dictate its affairs† (Garner, p. 495)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But in realistic considerations, people hardly become unanimous – there are conflicting ideas and interests. â€Å"It happens, as in the case of the slavery question in the United States or the Free-trade problem in England, that some paramount issues divide the community† (Leacock, p. 313). Different political parties mould the opinion of different groups and the elections are actually fought on the basis of such issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But ultimately, the bi-party system is far better than the multi party system in linking up the government and the people. In a multi party structure, people’s votes are divided among different political parties, and thus, often popular opinion is hardly reflected in the formation of the government. Often coalition governments come up without the popular intention. But in a bi-party system, the people choose either of the two parties and, hence, the election brings out a better coordination between the party and the Government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From this analysis, it would perhaps be amply clear that at least in a democracy, political life is determined by the party system. Particularly, a bi-party system like that of England creates a close link between the people and the government. References Austin, G. The Indian Constitution, World Press, New Delhi, 1978, p. 8 Agarwal, R.G. Political Theory, S. Chandra Books, Allahabad, 1996, p. 386 Dash, S.C. The Constitution of India, Modern Books, Mumbai, 1984, p. 262 Finer, H. Theory and Practice of Modern Government, Royal Press, New Delhi, 1976, p. 475 Garner, J.W. Political Science and Government, World Press, New Delhi, 1991, p. 495 Jennings, I. The Queen’s Government, Pelican Books, London, 1964, p. 88 Jennings, I. ibid, pp. 88-89 Kapur, A.C. The Indian Political System, New Press Hall, New Delhi, 11th ed. p. 425 Kashyap, S.C. Politics of Defection, Old House Publishers, Chennai, 1979, p. 6 Leacock, S. Elements of Political Science, Constable & Co. London, 1939, p. 313 Majumder, B.B. Rise and Development of the English Constitution, Book Land, Calcutta, 1968, p. 375 Morris-Jones, W.H. Government and Politics in India, Prince Town Publications, Calcutta, 1978, p. 172 Ogg, A. English Government and Politics, The MacMillan Company, London, 1929, p. 552 Rout, B.C. Democratic Constitution of India, New Book Hall, New Delhi, 1979, p. 200 Sikri, S.L. Indian Government and Politics, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, 1963, p. 184 The President’s Rule in the States and Union Territories, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Vol. 1, Issue 4, March 1993.